Rhetorical Analysis Of Michael Levin s Argument - 934 Words

I believe that through his analogies of the misuse of body parts, counter arguments and his response to them, as well as the logical implications, Michael Levin poses a strong case that homosexuality is abnormal. With that said, the purpose of this paper is to analyze Levin’s argument, to do that I will address the parts previously mentioned, analogies, a counter argument, and logical implications. Levin provides an example that he analogizes pretty quickly out of the gate about a Mr. Jones (no relation) who pulled out his teeth and made a necklace out of them. Now just from that we can assume that Mr. Jones’s jaw will soon lose all muscle tone from not being used but that is not the only issue that can and likely will arise from the removal of his teeth. Without the ability to chew his food Mr. Jones will likely need to be fed intravenously, further detreating the condition of his jaw muscles, and the atrophy of his digestive track. Levin, in my opinion, wisely chose this analogy to start off with because most people will agree that Mr. Jones is no longer using his teeth for their original task, so it is not that far of a leap to argue that since the â€Å"penis is meant to introduce semen into the vagina† that introducing it into a homosexual relationship goes against its intended purpose. Additionally, Levin brings up natural selection. Levin states that since â€Å"the penis was meant to introduce semen into the vagina†¦ [that] nature†¦ consequently has made the use of theShow MoreRelatedMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 PagesFILM LANGUAGE FILM LANGUAGE A Semiotics of the Cinema Christian Metz Translated by Michael Taylor The University of Chicago Press Published by arrangement with Oxford University Press, Inc. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637  © 1974 by Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights reserved. English translation. Originally published 1974 Note on Translation  © 1991 by the University of Chicago University of Chicago Press edition 1991 Printed in the United States of America 09 08 07 6Read MoreMetamorphoses Within Frankenstein14861 Words   |  60 PagesThe Critical Metamorphoses of Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein You must excuse a trif ling d eviation, From Mrs. Shelley’s marvellous narration — from th e musical Frankenstein; or, The Vamp ire’s Victim (1849) Like Coleridge’ s Ancient Mariner , who erupts into Mary Sh elley’s text as o ccasionally and inev itably as th e Monster into Victor Frankenstein’s lif e, Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometh eus passes, like night, from land to land and w ith stang ely ad aptable powers of speech Read MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesLuscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History Jack Metzgar, Striking Steel: Solidarity Remembered Janis Appier, Policing Women: The Sexual Politics of Law Enforcement and the LAPD Allen Hunter, ed., Rethinking the Cold War Eric Foner, ed., The New American History. Revised and Expanded Edition E SSAYS ON _ T WENTIETH- C ENTURY H ISTORY Edited by Michael Adas for the American Historical Association

Vitruvian Man Lab Report - 1868 Words

Research Question: Do we have the ideal proportion? The length of the outspread arms is equal to the height of a man The distance from the elbow to the tip of the hand is a quarter of the height of the man The maximum width of the shoulders is a quarter of the height of a man Data Collection: Raw Data: Table #1: Measure of the Outspread Arm, Height, from Elbow to the Tip of the Fingers, and Width of Shoulders (cm) (per person) Name Outspread arm /cm +/-1 Height /cm +/- 1 From the elbow to the tip of the fingers /cm +/- 1 Width of shoulders /cm +/-1 Silvana Chumaceiro 170 163 43 43 Anna Marrone 165 163 41 42 Sabrina Casilla 158 156 37 54 Alberto Gonzalez 180 174 48 65 Yanuara Ramirez 164 164 41 42†¦show more content†¦The difference is about to 4 cm, which is an extremely small difference, since the maximum of her shoulders is about 39 cm and the  ¼ of her height is about 43 cm. Evaluation: Due to the fact that the Da Vinci’s Vitruvian man lab demonstrated failure on the past examinations, we can feel free to assume that many errors are shown in this experiment. The first error noticed is the fact that we measured everything with a small measuring tape instead of a big measuring tape, which didn’t help since we were taller and bigger than the measuring tape, so we had to use two measuring tapes added together. Using a small measuring tape to find out these measurements ended being extremely inaccurate. After data collection we were not really sure if the numbers we got were real, and it probably affected a lot on the way the results came out. The lab activity validity started to be questionable now. By the time we were looking for the four measurements needed just one group of people from the class was using a measuring tape, the rest of the class were using two small ones (so they could have the same length). The way it worked was to put one i n the top of the other and then add the numbers, which was hard for

Economics Business Financial Challenges

Question: Discuss about the Economics Business for Financial Challenges. Answer: Introduction Business economics is a study of applied economic field. It is related to the financial challenges as well as the issues faced by business corporations operating in a specified economy or marketplace. It is concerned with economic problems, management issues, corporation, expansion, and strategy. In addition to this, it uses quantitative methods and economic theory to study business enterprises along with the factors contributing to the organizational structures diversity. Business economics also states the relationships of the firms among its capital, labor, and product markets. The report has been prepared on the term unemployment. Unemployment is a big problem faced by every country, from small to very large scale. It is one of the important indicators of economy performance of the country along with the welfare of the humanity. Basically, there are various causes of unemployment in the country. However, the basic and main cause includes the new technology, economic conditions, along with the increasing number of populations. At the same time, the report highlights the Australian unemployment rate along with its various states such as NSW, WA, Tasmania, SA, and Queensland. The unemployment rate is defined by the total number of unemployed workers divided by total labor forces multiplied by 100%. Besides this, the report discusses various major types of unemployment which include frictional, structural and cyclical unemployment is discussed. The minor unemployment types are also mentioned in the report. The economic models and theories are also addressed in the report. The various common issues faced for unemployment in the country is also highlighted which include natural disaster, recession time, offshoring, and shut down of the industry. Along with this, various policies made by the Australian Government in context to a reduction in the unemployment rate are also discussed in the report. Unemployment rate, types, issues, with unemployment in various states and government policy of Australia. Whenever persons are with no work and are willingly searching for the work then it is known as unemployment. There are three types of economic model for unemployment namely the efficiency-wage model, contract model and insider-outsider model. The efficiency-wage model is based on the idea that the firms will pay higher wages to than would normally be. Because firms feel it is necessary and best strategy to attract workers towards them. By the help of this model, forms can have various benefits such as higher wages may prevent avoidance by employees towards firm (Parker, 2010). Moreover, offering higher wage may result in more qualified pool of applicants. While contract models state that the firms are prevented from changing wages by the labor contracts in the short run but allowing labors to respond their need variations for labor overtime and by the help of layoffs. On the other hand, the insider-outsider model pointed out the distinction between the insiders as well as the outside rs. Individuals bargaining for the current workers are known as insiders while those who are unemployed are the outsiders. There is an increase of total number of people with 26, 200 jobs which were far better than total number of 10, 000 expected jobs. In February 2016, 5.8% was the unemployment rate however current rate of unemployment in Australia is 5.7% in the month of July 2016 because of increased numbers of jobs (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2016). This can be seen in Figure 1. This is the first time ever to notice lowest unemployment rate in Australia since September 2013. At the same time, there is decrease of full-time employment by noted down by 45,400 jobs, while, there was increase in the number of part-time jobs was noted down by 71,600 numbers of total jobs. Figure 1: Unemployment rate in Australia Additionally, participate rate was noted down at 64.9 percent in the current year. Unemployment rate was expected only by 5.8 percent with 10,000 new a job by the economics but 5.7 percent is currently recorded unemployment. Although, Australian wage growth is still at low record and is likely to remain low as per the views of experts. As per the seasonally adjusted figures obtained from the ABS, the wage price index for total rates of pay was increased and measure by 0.5 percent in the June quarter (RBA, 2016). There was the increase in the index rate by 2.1 percent same as began from 1997 index records. As per the senior economist John Peters of Commonwealth Bank of Australia, workers higher wage search had been decreased as compared to last 13 years unemployment rate (6.4 percent) in January 2015 (News.co.au, 2016). Further, New South Wales, Western Australia, Tasmania, South Australia as well as Queensland are some of the states of Australia, for which unemployment rate are as shown below: Figure 2 Unemployment in various states. Unemployment Types: There are basically three types of unemployment namely frictional, structural and cyclical unemployment. The structural unemployment focuses on an economic structural problems and labor markets inefficiencies. Several reasons may result in structural unemployment such as the change in technology and change in taste. The frictional unemployment includes the time horizon or period for the workers, searching for a job or shifting from one job to another (Dransfield, 2013). On the other hand, cyclical unemployment a type of unemployment that occurs when in an economy, there is no occurrence of aggregate demand in order to provide job to every job seekers. It also caused by the business cycle fluctuations. The lower demand for products is one of the reasons for cyclical unemployment in the economy. In addition to this, types of minor unemployment include natural, long-term, and seasonal, real or classical unemployment. These are as discussed below: Natural unemployment: Flood, earthquake is some of the reason for this type of unemployment which is unavoidable. Long-term unemployment: It is said to be when the person is looking for the job since last six months or more than 27 weeks. Seasonal unemployment: Due to seasonal unemployment effects, seasonal unemployment takes place. As illustrated, resort workers, ice-cream vendors are included in it (Mitman, and Rabinovich, 2015). Classical or real unemployment: When a law of supply decreases as compared to wages or simply when wages are higher then it will result in dictate demand. It occurs due to a negotiation of higher salary or wages by the side of the union, high minimum wages set by the government and wind-up of long term contracts due to the recession. Issues and Causes of Unemployment: Causes and problems of unemployment may be different as per the country. However, some of the common unemployment causes faced in across Australia in general along with South Australia is as discussed below: Shutdowns of the industry: It is one of the noticeable and major causes of unemployment. Shutting up of industry results in many of the people out of the work in a state of Australia namely South Australia. Additionally, industry diversity is very much insufficient to take up these workers at work. Agriculture, manufacturing, textile are some of the examples for theses industries (Gillespie, 2013). Infrastructure: Spending on the infrastructure by the public as well as private company decreases due to harder economic times. Due to this, many skilled workers in the industry such as engineers and others move overseas which results in many labor unemployment in the current economy. Further, as and when spending picks ups, result come out to be the temporary skills shortage in an economy. Many Victorian workers are used by The South Australian government for successful completion of their recent major projects. Offshoring: Due to tax benefits and incentives offered by western countries to move jobs, increase in Australian unemployment has taken place. As many of the textile, as well as manufacturing jobs, are going offshore, local workers here somehow have to adjust. Rather than manufacture, anything to export, economy uses to become more and more service economy. Recession: In economics, a recession refers to the two consecutive quarters negative economic growth. It also refers to a contraction in a business cycle, which results in an economic activity general slowdown (Dransfield, 2013). Further, if the company will follow strict rule and regulation to overcome from the recession period and will lay off some or the other workers from the industry, then it will surely result in increased unemployment for an economy. Technology: It is also one of the major causes for experiencing the unemployment in an economy. As illustrated, a single robot is very helpful to conduct a work for hundreds of people in a particular product line. However, the requirement of people is still in the industry to service, program software of that robot as well as repair. On the other hand, in many of the fields, technology is helping (Kaas, and Kircher, 2015). Further, currently, jobs, as well as money, are flowing into the renewable energy sector. The improvement in a technology results in more creation of a job in the future for this industry. Natural disaster: As illustrated cyclone, flood, earthquake, and landslide are some of the natural disasters. The major and obvious cause of unemployment is natural disaster faced by the economy. Like in Queensland, workers use to work on a banana implantation which refers to be in a cyclone region. Moreover, if cyclone fan hits the industry then it will be the result of unemployment for many of the workers working in that particular industry. Independent living: Teenagers choice of independent living results in leaving the home. In Australia, parents and family independence has been an important feature of assuming adult status. Hence, unemployment takes place for those children who left their parents home for independent living. The profound effects of unemployment are financial, economic, and budgetary effects. The basic causes of unemployment include the labor demand changing patterns along with the failure inappropriate response of the society to those changes (Kaas and Kircher, 2015). In particular, community services sector growth has been forced by public spending limits. Along with this, it is also noted that there are some of the economic, and the government policies that affect the countrys unemployment rate at a large scale. A total number of people registered with Centrelink include around 780,000 people as individual full time unemployed. Besides this, if one searches for a job over online job sites, then the total of 140, 000 job vacancies can be found. By the help of which, it can be stated that something is wrong in the economy or by the side of the government. Full employment policy program in context to national economic, various major elements would be considered such as oriented macroeconomic policy for the employment output and growth. Additionally, public service employment and community substantial expansion eventually must be involved in the creation of 350000 new jobs, funding investment in public projects by the help of issuing government bonds (Mitman and Rabinovich, 2015). More labor market programs can be expanded as to provide job for long term unemployment workers, progressive tax reforms together with a jobs charge and taxes among regressive tax concessions removal. Unemployment Benefits and Government Policy: The main Australias unemployment benefit refers as Newstart Allowance, which is paid to unemployed working age people. By the help of Newstart Allowance and Youth Allowance, various activity tests are done to make sure that recipient is actively looking for work. Financial support by the government is also provided to Job Service providers to assist the unemployed in finding work for themselves and in certain time period. Government intervention basis: Purpose of income support is to provide a minimum adequate living standard to the unemployed people, who are out of work and unable to support themselves by saving or other means. Unemployment benefits are implemented to make sure that person should have sufficient resources to search and get employment for one. The current structure of the program: According to Department of Human Services, 2016, Newstart Allowance will be provided to those who are unemployed and aged over 22 years. The Newstart Allowance payment rate was $501.00 per fortnight for the single person along with $452.30 for a couple as per January 2014. On the other hand, Youth Allowance is paid to unemployed person aged 16 to 21. It is also paid to person engaged in education. Moreover, payment rate for Youth Allowance for 18 years leaving away from home was $414.40 per fortnight for a single person. Newstart Allowance is paid to various persons such as large recipient proportion, have matured age, partial capacity to work, or a combination of these characteristics. This is up to $124.00 per fortnight for a single person and for couples it is $116.60. The Newstart Allowance rate is significantly lower as compared to current minimum wage or the rate of pensions is of $1,244.40 per fortnight, which includes the Disability Support Pension which has a cost of $827.10 per person for a fortnight. A person is not eligible for payment if assets are higher than a certain threshold which includes an asset threshold for $196,750 for a homeowner and for a non-homeowner it is around $339,250. For receiving the benefits of this policy, person should participate regularly in various approved activities which include formal employment participation (Department of Human Services, 2016). Trends: Newstart Allowance current expenditure includes around $8.4 billion per year as well as expected to increase at a growth rate of 1.4 per year up to $8.7 billion by 2016-17 in nominal terms as shown in the Figure 3 below: Australian current job services expenditure is of $1.3 billion, however, it is expected to decrease per year at the rate of 0.9 percent. On the other hand, Indigenous Employment Program activities include $173 million per year along with Disability Employment Services expenditure of $750.4 million per year (Reserve Bank of Australia, 2016). Figure 3: Newstart Allowance Expenditure Disability Employment Services are helpful to provide wide range of services such as helping out the person in work preparation which includes specific job skill training. Supporting individual on job search such as development of resume, providing interview skills training, and suitable jobs looking help is also provided in the Disability Employment Services of Australian Government (Australian Government, 2016). Along with this, initially support in job placed with employer and coworkers interaction is also provided. Vocational training and employment-related assistance for modification in workplace are also included in the program. Two types of Disability Employment Services include: Disability Management Service: It is planned for disability people such as injured or ill persons who need help and support from an employment service. Employment support service: It is for those people who are permanent disability. Also, need an assessed for longer period of time with an ongoing regular support in the workplace. Indigenous employment program (IEPs) is a significant program for closing the gap between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Australians living standard in the VTEC Brisbane. Australian Government, as well as local partnerships, is responsible for funding each program. This program aims to make sure that Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginal Australians are assisted into jobs (Department of Human Services, 2016). As illustrated, an opportunity is provided to job seekers of Aboriginal to get a work suitable for one. Moreover, IEPs offer training access, assistance on job search, and education programs for job seekers. Job interview preparation is also provided to Indigenous job seekers in this program along with work experience opportunities. Support on induction program with familiarization on workplace is also taken care for participant. Additionally, mentors support on post-placement and workplace mentoring for participants is included in the IEP with successful participation of business people and introduction of Aboriginal sports. Where ever necessary, the culture awareness training is also given to job seekers to have basic understanding of people of Aboriginal with their values. The Minimum Wage: National Commission of Audit (2014), high rate of minimum wage is measure due to younger workers in an economy. The rate of youth unemployment measure is around 12 percent nationally, as compared to 6 percent general unemployment rate which can be seen in the given Figure 4. Moreover, in terms of various states, huge differences in the youth unemployment rates can be measured as illustrated 17 percent in Tasmania and in Western Australia it is 10 percent. Figure 4: Youth Unemployment Rate. As shown in Table 1 below, nationally, the minimum wage rate is same but the relativity of the Average Weekly Earnings, and the Minimum Wage in the state of Australia, is different. Table 1: Average Weekly Earnings, and the Minimum Wage in Australian State. Along with this, huge differences in the wage rate of Territories and among States are also noticed as shown in the Figure 5. As illustrated, the minimum wage in Australian Capital Territory is 45percent of Average Weekly Earnings however in NSW it is around 55 percent IN Tasmania it is measured as 65 percent. Figure 5: Wage Rates of Territories. Conclusion From the above report, it is concluded that business economy plays a vital role in development of the country and it is concerned with economic problems and issues in the management, corporation, expansion, and strategy. It is identified that every economy is facing unemployment to a certain extent. As illustrated, Australian economy has around 5.7% unemployment as of current year. There are many types of unemployment faced by the country. However, some basic unemployment includes frictional, structural and cyclical unemployment. It can occur due to natural disasters such as flood, cyclone, and earthquake. Moreover, private and public sector infrastructure, recession, and technological change may also be the major factor responsible for the unemployment in an economy. It is also identified that Australian Government has many laws for coping up with unemployment problems in country. This programs mainly includes New start allowances, Indigenous employment program (IEPs), and Disability Employment Services. By launching of these programs, many changes were noticed such as decrease in unemployment rate. However, many states of Australia are still facing unemployment with huge differences of percentage such as NSW and Queensland. Therefore, states and territory should also be taken care by government while making programs to decrease unemployment instead of focusing on an economy only. References Australian Bureau of Statistics (2016) [Online] Available at: https://www.abs.gov.au/ (Accessed on: 20 August, 2016). Australian Government (2016) [Online] Available at: https://www.australia.gov.au/about-government/states-territories-and-local-government (Accessed on: 20 August, 2016). Australian Government, Department of Human Services (2016) [Online] Available at: https://www.humanservices.gov.au/customer/services/centrelink/disability-employment-services (Accessed on: 22 August, 2016). Australian Government, National Commission of Audit (2014) [Online] Available at: https://Www.Ncoa.Gov.Au/Index.Html (Accessed on: 22 August, 2016). Dransfield, R. (2013) Business economics. UK: Routledge. Gillespie, A. (2013) Business economics. UK: OUP Oxford. Kaas, L., and Kircher, P. (2015) Efficient firm dynamics in a frictional labor market,The American Economic Review,105(10), pp. 3030-3060. Mitman, K., and Rabinovich, S. (2015) Optimal unemployment insurance in an equilibrium business-cycle model,Journal of Monetary Economics,71, pp. 99-118. News.co.au (2016) Part-time jobs help unemployment rate in Australia to fall to 5.7 percent [Online] Available at: https://www.news.com.au/finance/work/parttime-jobs-help-unemployment-rate-in-australia-to-fall-to-57-per-cent/news-story/7a6d23a6b97073a953bfbdf3cd895c7f (Accessed on: 20 August, 2016). Parker, J. (2010) Models of unemployment, Economics Course book, pp. 1-33. Reserve Bank of Australia (2016) [Online] Available at: https://www.rba.gov.au/statistics/ (Accessed on: 20 August, 2016).

The Change of Gender Roles

The notion that women cannot play a prominent role in family or society has existed for a long time. Although this trend began to change in the past two centuries, this gender stereotype continues to be very widespread. This paper is aimed at discussing such plays as Trifles written by Susan Glaspell and Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House. These authors show how women can be victimized or discriminated in a patriarchal society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Change of Gender Roles specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More By depicting family conflictsï ¼Å'Susan Glaspell and Henrik Ibsen show how women can be forced into subordination. More importantly, the writers show how women challenge the conventions that are imposed on them.  There are several important similarities shared by both works. First, both works illustrate similar themes, namely the subordinate position of women and their response to this i njustice. A Doll’s House by Ibsen is a description of a woman who tries to break paternalistic relationship with her husband. Trifles written by Glaspell depict a despair of a woman who murders her husband. This similarity is one of the most  important to focus on the structure of the narrative. In both plays, the main actions of the characters are not directly described by the authors. They can be regarded as past events that help the readers understand the story. For instance, in Trifles, the murder is not depicted by Susan Glaspell. The larger part of the play shows how this murder is investigated. The audience is also introduced to the dialogue between two women who discuss about the possibility of Mrs. Wright having killed her husband. The approach to narrative is taken by Henrik Ibsen. It should be mentioned that Nora was making debt repayments for almost a decade without the knowledge of her husband. It should be kept in mind that Nora obtained the first loan by forg ing the signature of her own spouse. In order to maintain peace in their marital life, Nora thought that it would be better for her not to tell her husband the entire truth. She did not want her husband to know that she was burdened with debts. Thirdly, the supporting characters also play a key role in exposing gender dynamics that unfold throughout the plays. For instance, gender roles have been typically reversed in the A Doll’s House by other casts as well. Kristine Linde takes over the position of Mr. Krogstad. She proves to the audience that she is capable, highly efficient and independent-minded person in comparison Krogstad. She does not need the assistance of men to secure a decent job. She even opts to work while her husband stays back home. Also in Trifles, Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters find the truth about murder by investigating small details which called trifles by men. Finally both of them decide to hide evidence to protect their peer. These examples are important f or showing that women can cope with the tasks and duties of men.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, both writers want readers to make their conclusion about the ending of two plays. Instead of providing detailed information about the later life of the characters, Ibsen and Glaspell prompt the audience to think about the possible ending of two plays. For instance, the readers of Susan Glaspell’s play do now know whether Mrs. Wright was acquitted or found guilty of her criminal trial. Similarly, in A Doll’s House, Nora leaves her husband, but the author does not tell what happens to her in the future.  Finally, both plays involve similar symbols that represent the female protagonists and the injustice that they have to struggle with. In Trifles, Mrs. Wright has been described as â€Å"kind of a bird herself† (Glaspell 1054) by Mrs. Hale. Moreover, broken birdcage indicates that this woman could be confined in various ways. For instance, she could not attend any social event since she was made to wear shabby clothes by her husband. In the A Doll’s House, Nora is described as â€Å"little lark† and â€Å"squirrel† by her husband by Torvald (Ibsen 1259). The doll house is literary symbol of Nora’s life. Just like what she said to her husband, Torvald: â€Å"Our home has been nothing but a playroom. I have been your doll-wife† (Ibsen 1259).  Yet, one can also identify some important differences between these literary works. Both Mrs. Wright and Nora break the law, however, the reason is different. Mrs. Wright kills her husband to protect herself because she is afraid that her husband will eventually hurt her. In contrast, Nora violates the establish behavioral norms in order to protect her husband. Just as she says:â€Å"Is a daughter not to be allowed to spare her dying father anxiety and ca re? Is a wife not to be allowed to save her husband’s life? I don’t know much about law, but I am certain that there must be laws permitting such things as that.† (Ibsen 1270). Even though both protagonists challenge dominant gender roles, their value and attitudes of these people differ significantly. Mrs. Wright wants to cope with the conventional gender roles that are imposed on her. However, the cruelty of her husband prevents her from achieving this goal. To a great extent, she is forced to kill his husband. In contrast, Nora seems to be quite different from that of Mrs. Wright. At the beginning, she is a happy mother with three children. Although she wants to pursue liberty, she still acts as a good wife who takes care of the family. Torvald’s reaction to secret makes Nora decide to leave her husband. At some point, it becomes cumbersome to predict the complex personality of Nora. Although she is expected to be ‘doll’ in her husband†™s house, she refuses to accept that role.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Change of Gender Roles specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Also, the writing technique has some difference. Instead of depicting main characters directly such as in A doll’s house, Glaspell uses indirect way to portray female protagonist. The main character Minnie does not enter the stage. This is another distinction that should be taken into consideration. These literary works show how conventional gender stereotypes can be challenged. The authors demonstrate the liberation of the female protagonists who get rid of the bonds that are imposed on them. Thirdly, the writers focus on the conflicts within the family since these conflicts are driven by different perceptions of gender roles. Furthermore, the narratives in both plays are structured in a similar way. For instance, the authors want to create suspense and prompt readers t o think about the later life of the main characters. This conflict has been explored many writers living in the twentieth century (Schechet 61).  The gender roles have been challenged in two main ways in both A Doll’s House and Trifles. It is common message that comes out clearly when both plays are presented to the audience or readers. Traditional conventions are challenged not only by Nora and Mrs. Wright. Other characters also act in this way. For example, Mrs. Peters and Mrs. Hales solve the murder case and hide the evidence in effort to save Mrs. Wright. Mrs. Linde works for her family and persuade Krogstad to help Nora. By focusing on the actions of these people, the authors want to demonstrate that patriarchal view on family and society has been undermined. These literary works are important because they explain the way in which women try to cope with gender discrimination and oppression. Susan Glaspell and Henrik Ibsen describe the experiences of women who struggle with this injustice. Most importantly, they writers show how they oppose to the tradition according to which only males can play a dominant role in family or society. Works Cited Glaspell, Susan. â€Å"Trifles.† The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. Ed. Michael Meyer. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2009. Print. Ibsen, Henrik. â€Å"A Doll House.† The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. Ed. Michael Meyer. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2009. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Schechet, Nita. Narrative Fissures: Reading And Rhetoric, New York: Fairleigh  Dickinson University Press, 2005. Print. This essay on The Change of Gender Roles was written and submitted by user Kayson Reed to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Effects of French Revolution on U.S. essays

Effects of French Revolution on U.S. essays Question: What effects did the French revolution have on the U.S.? The French revolution, violent in its nature and far reaching in its consequences had broken out in France. It was the immediate consequence of the teaching of our own revolution. I recently started looking on the internet, to find the effect the French Revolution had on the U.S. back in the time of Mr. Jefferson. I first had to research what was going on in France at the time and how that affected us. I found that people commuting from France back to America affected the revolutions impact on us, as well as disputes between the U.S. and France. I searched for information on what was going on in France around the time of Mr. Jefferson. The people of France had long endured almost irresponsible despotism and were yearning for freedom. French officers and soldiers who had served in America during the latter years of our struggle for independence, returned to their country full of republican ideas and aspirations. They began to question the right of few oppressing the many. The public heart was soon stirred by new ideas, and in the movement that followed, Lafayette was conspicuous for awhile. When Jefferson came into the cabinet of Washington, he was much affected by seeing the uprising of the people in France against their oppressors. Regarding the movement as kindred to the late uprising of his own countrymen against Great Britain, it enlisted his warmest sympathies. He expected to find the people of the U.S. glowing with feeling like his own. He was sadly disappointed, for the conservatism of Washington and the tone of society in New York, in which some of the Leven of Toryism still lingered. He had scarcely taken his seat in the cabinet before he declared that some of his colleagues held monarch views, and that there was a party in the U.S. continually at work, secretly and sometimes openly, for the overthrow of Republicanis ...

Meaning and Origin of the Last Name Cunningham

Meaning and Origin of the Last Name Cunningham The Scottish surname  Cunningham  has more than one possible meaning or etymology: A place name from the Cunningham area in the Ayrshire district of Scotland, which, in turn, got its name from the words cunny or coney, meaning rabbit and hame, meaning home (rabbits home).Another possible translation is that the name derived from cuinneag, meaning milk pail along with the Saxon ham, meaning village.An Irish  surname adopted from the Scottish by bearers of Gaelic Ó Cuinneagin, meaning descendant of Cuinneagn, a personal name from the Old Irish personal name Conn, meaning leader or chief. Cunningham is one of the 100 most common  surnames in Scotland. Surname Origin:  Scottish, Irish Alternate Surname Spellings:  Cunnyngham, Konningham, Koenigam, Cunningham, Coonaghan, Counihan, Cunnighan, Kinningham, Kinighan, Kinagam, Kinnegan, Maccunnigan, Conaghan, Kinaghan Where is the Cunningham Surname Found? According to WorldNames public profiler, the Cunningham surname is most commonly found in Ireland, especially the Donegal, North East, and West regions. Outside of Ireland, the Cunningham surname is most popular in Scotland, followed by Australia and New Zealand. The surname distribution maps at Forebears puts the greatest density of people with the Cunningham surname in Northern Ireland, followed by Jamaica, Ireland, and Scotland. Famous People with the Surname Cunningham: Andrew Cunningham - British admiral of World War IIGlenn Cunningham - American distance runnerMerce Cunningham - American dancer and choreographerRedmond Christopher Archer Cunningham -  the only Irishman to receive the Military Cross on D-DayWalter Cunningham - NASA astronaut and  Lunar Module pilot on the first manned Apollo mission (Apollo 7) ​Genealogy Resources for the Surname Cunningham: Cunningham Irish ClanA website devoted to providing historical content on the Cunningham surname and serving as a platform to connect Cunningham individuals around the world. Cunningham Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Cunningham surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Cunningham surname query. Cunningham Family DNA ProjectThis Y-DNA project includes over 180 members interested in using DNA testing to help prove a family connection between Cunninghams and related surnames when a paper trail cannot be established. FamilySearch - CUNNINGHAM GenealogyExplore over 2.5 million results, including digitized records, database entries, and online family trees for the Cunningham surname and its variations on the FREE FamilySearch website, courtesy of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. CUNNINGHAM Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Cunningham surname. DistantCousin.com - CUNNINGHAM Genealogy Family HistoryFree databases and genealogy links for the last name Cunningham. The Cunningham Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Cunningham surname from the website of Genealogy Today. - References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1967. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. New York:  Oxford University Press, 2003. MacLysaght, Edward.  Surnames of Ireland. Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1989. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Writting to Evaluate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Writting to Evaluate - Essay Example Buying a Blackberry phone is a bit different from just getting a regular phone that lacks the features present in this phone. The phone itself is described as the largest gorgeous looking smartphone on the planet. While holding it in one hand, you will surely understand why it bears the description. Most fascinating is when you scroll and explore the application, that is, when you will appreciate the reality that this phone is unquestionably magnificent. Nowadays, every phone company is working tremendously hard to establish a myriad of features in their phones to attract customers. The companies are forced to incur massive investments to brand their products. Owing a camera feature is almost standard for any phone but what brings the difference is the image resolution. Blackberry 9530 is above three megapixels. Needless to say, the blackberry phone has a lot more features which will be shared to you. First is an integrated GPS technique that tends to make use of Blackberry maps. The media player file has the capacity to play 3 formats including MP3, AAC+ and WMA. The video player enables you to view MPEG4 or WMV format. The three formats above are the most liked by telephone users. The camera makes it possible for you to watch videos as well as recording them since it delivers a resolution of much more than 3 megapixels and contains an automatic concentrate feature. Blackberry 9530 makes use of touch screen based technologies. You can edit documents and supply all the standard functions of text messaging using the editor. It also allows listening to music using the Wi-Fi web access through integration of Bluetooth technology. Amazing is the fact that Blackberry 9530 was the first to introduce the touch screen technology. Another feature that lacks in other phones is the potential use of both single and multi-touch to interface with different applications. A prominent feature possessed by this

The invention of the Ipod and it's impact on society Research Paper

The invention of the Ipod and it's impact on society - Research Paper Example This study explores the social context in which Apple’s iPod has gained significance in the lives of millions of users. The iPod as a technological and commercial success In October 2001, computer manufacturer Apple launched the iPod, a pocket-sized gadget that plays music that may be listened to by its wearer even while the latter is mobile. The iPod’s introductory price at $399 was considered by its critics to be a major problem since it was priced higher than many of the other music players it was competing with at the time. More importantly, the iPod was released into the market just after 9/11 and at the height of the technology slump (Economist, 2004). Instead, the iPod had instead proven to be the most popular, best-selling, and concededly the most fashionable music-player in the market. In nearly all public places, people could be seen with the characteristic white earphone leads leading to the device. The earliest models were built with a 5 gigabyte hard disk t hat could store up to 1,000 songs; the later models had upwards of 40 gigabytes and a storage capacity of 10,000 songs, when other MP3 players could only store dozens of selections at the most. Coupled with the iPod’s capacious memory is Apples’ iTunes that allows music to be downloaded at less than a dollar per track. Techno buffs point out that while the iPod is essentially a fad that may be replaced by other devises and models, it is the first music-playing device to make use of hard disk technology. In the next few years after the iPod was introduced in the market, its immediate converts belonged to the twenty- and thirty-something status-conscious young adults (Bulik, 2008), and eventually to the teen-agers whose parents could spend the nearly four hundred dollars for one device per child. These meant not only the students in college, but also their professors who used their units not only to record music, but also digital lectures and talks that they would listen to in their free time (Levy, et al, 2004). More recently, and particularly since less costly models such as the iPod Nano ($149) had been marketed, there had been growing applications for the very young. Today, nearly one-third of digital media users are ten years old and below, and more than half of them prefer the iPod (Bulik, 2008). They usually benefit from hand-me-down video iPod units when their parents switch to newer models, but which still work well. At the same time, content directed at this age group have been developed by Disney, such as customized selections from Hannah Montana, High School Muscial and Pirates of the Carribean. Other media companies are following suit. The early success stature of the iPod culture was further enhanced when celebrities began enthusing over their own units, such as songwriter Denise Rich, Will Smith who called it â€Å"the gadget of the century,† and Gwyneth Paltrow who praised iPod in Vogue and coincidentally (or not) named her b aby Apple. The device and its signature white earplug leads were seen in many movies and TV shows of the early 2000s as a common feature of daily life (Levy, et al., 2004). During the early years, the iPod had been most conspicuous in big cities and college campuses, and were patronized by students and professionals such as judges (Levy, et al., 2004). More recently, its use had spread even to unconventional locations (for a digital music player) and for reasons other than

Apple Inc. in 2012 Essay Example for Free

Apple Inc. in 2012 Essay Introduction: Apple Inc. initially started as ‘Apple Computers’ and was mainly known as a computer company with its devices known as ‘Macintosh’. With a few years down the road, it was transformed into a ‘mobile devices company’ and major contribution in this regard was by non-other than Steve Jobs. He revolutionized many industries and paved a way for a more technology-oriented future at Apple. Background:The recently deceased CEO of Apple Steve Jobs was considered to be the most influential and innovative  person in the technology industry for the past decade or so. It was assumed that after his demise Apple as a company would fail to be at its best and would lose way in this battle of technology giants which includes Google, Samsung, HTC, just to name a few. But recent products and market share has proven otherwise that Tim Cook is doing a fine enough job and it is more of an image or brand which is what Apple is and as long as their product line shows consistency, consumers will buy them no matter who is in charge. The tool that will be used for writing this case will be based on SWOT analysis. Starting with strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and finally threats. A concept known as ‘blue ocean strategy’ will also be implemented and defined how it played a role in the success of Apple and making it what it is today. SWOT Analysis: It starts by taking a look at all the angles of a company and then working on those angles to perfect any issues that appear during ‘evaluation’ phase. Strengths:Apple being a ‘brand’ was highly successful and quickly became a status symbol for many who used to buy Apple products (Anon 2013). Marketing was its strongest point and also an area, which had to be because if they were to penetrate a global market where many individual competitors were already acting it was important for Apple to do so. Design, being a brand is not easy and Apple made sure its products were uniquely identifiable as well as easy to use, even for a first time user. Jony Ive who is the head of design at Apple is famous for his distinct product designs and quality. Factors reduced below the industry standard: These are the ones, which are not used regularly and can be put on a back burner to make room for new features. For e.g. setting a design language and focusing on improving that over the years rather than changing it every year. Bigger profit margins, this was possible due to high sale price and also the customer was loyal and was willing to pay more for Apple products. Factors that industry has taken for granted: In Macs, Apple has removed all those features which were not used by consumers and were considered to be obsolete such as firewire ports and have added more advanced one such as thunderbolt and HDMI under its pro line of books. Weaknesses: Developing an ecosystem was a good thing but it had its side effects too. As alternative products were available at low costs, it was difficult to retain a new customer for a long term as sticking to the Apple ecosystem was costly. Incompatibility (Anon 2013) was partially killed in Macs when Apple switched  to Intel chips but due to running its own OS and proprietary set of core applications, many high-end apps that developers or professionals used were missing and were only available on Windows OS. After Jobs demise, a few leading management executives left Apple and it was perceived as a setback for the company. Steve was ruthless in his approach but kept everyone together. Though Apple makes its own devices but the hardware used in many iPhones and iPads is purchased as raw products from Samsung, which is its biggest competitor. Opportunities:After stepping into the mobile phone industry, Apple changed the way people communicated and it ushered a new era for hand held devices. This includes applications that could be installed on a smartphone and one could use it as a ‘minicomputer’ while working on the go. As far as an ecosystem of the company is concerned, Apple made full use of its pioneering into the smartphone business by launching an App Store which was the hub for all things mobile, which later on included the iPad. Factors raised well above the industry standard: Product designs are key to Apple’s success and have been improved significantly by adopting uni-body designs and utilizing this approach for a more firm and sturdy product. Factors which industry has never offered: Invention of an iPad is one such example where a whole new category has been created to consume media and be productive while being portable too. iPad was a revolutionized product of its own as its created a whole new industry and category for people to create and consume media, productivity or just casual use. An advantage which iPad enjoyed as being a new product was the ability to run those same apps available for an iPhone. Further down the line, as companies are trying to penetrate different sectors of a market, Apple can do so by entering a television business as well as wristwatches (Anon 2013). Samsung and Motorola among many others have already released a few watches but with Apples engineering skills and design elements, one can argue just how well this opportunity will be for Apple to exploit and use it to their own advantage. Threats: Competitors are catching up to Apple and Android OS is its biggest rival in smartphone/tablet business. With such rapid change in technology, it is not easy to sustain unless you keep on innovating. Android being an open source operating system has more market share and more market area covered as compared to Apple. It is cheap for a manufacturer to produce and android device than it is for Apple to bring its top class product in  such markets. Size also matters for many consumers as Samsung, HTC, LG and many more have re-defined smartphone screen sizes and Apple is playing catch up in that area. In countries such as India, Malaysia, Singapore, there are many alternatives and they are low cost as they use slightly low end hardware but deliver same set of features which high end manufactures do. As said before, Samsung controls the pricing for silicon and display provided to Apple, it puts them at an advantage and can hinder the manufacturing process for many devices. Businesses should focus less on their competitors and more on alternatives as people try to find low cost alternatives for buying products and companies should also focus on creating new customers (Anon n.d.). Conclusion:It is to be believed that Apple has taken the market by storm and others are to slow to react but with time it all changes as competitors catch up and are innovating in areas where Apple still has to step a foot in, this makes Apple and its rivals kept on their toes and are innovating day by day to progress and outperform each other. Samsung and Google dominate areas, such as wristwatches and eyewear, respectively. Only time will tell how good and how long can one thrive and succeed in this battle of technology giants. Recommendations:For Apple to succeed it is important for them to invest in wearable as this is going to be the next big thing in the technological invention. While on the other hand, Samsung should also work on their smartphone designs as they lack class but are full of features. This takes a huge chunk out of a market, which purely buys products on design and looks such as iPhone or even more recently the HTC one series. References BIBLIOGRAPHY SWOT Analysis of Apple. (2013). Retrieved September 6, 2014, from http://www.strategicmanagementinsight.com/swot-analyses/apple-swot-analysis.html Whar is Blue Ocean Strategy? (n.d.). Retrieved September 6, 2014, from http://guides.wsj.com/management/strategy/what-is-blue-ocean-strategy/

Heroism in Epic of Gilgamesh Essay -- Epic Gilgamesh essays

Heroism in Gilgamesh  Ã‚   Heroism entails several things; a selfless act, courage, or the accomplishments of bold and daring expeditions. A hero can often be of divine ancestry. But every hero has faults and these faults along with heroic deeds make the man, or woman; a hero. Gilgamesh loved his friend Enkidu more than he loved himself. A phrase indicating this love for Enkidu is on page 35: "We must go down into the forest together./. . .I will go before you/And ... ...h the heroic and non-heroic qualities differently. In the end we are all the same, we have no choice, all of us must deal with each other's Gilgamesh. Work Cited Sandars. N. K. The Epic of Gilgamesh. New York: Penguin Books, 1972.

The case of walsall

IntroductionA literature reappraisal is research in the country subject which is gathered by surveies that already has been done in the capable country. It allows the apprehension of what sustainable rehabilitation is about and farther to derive more cognition on sustainable rehabilitation in de-industrialised metropoliss or towns and to place how it could perchance be improved. Additionally it is besides at that place to assist recognize and separate any countries of the chosen topic, which has non been acknowledged. This will be an chance to lend to bing consciousness in this subject country.Sustainability and Urban DevelopmentThe chosen country in which the literature reappraisal will concentrate on is sustainable rehabilitation in de-industrialised metropoliss. First, I would wish dressed ore on understanding the significance of sustainability. What is sustainability? Sustainability can be defined as or described as the quality of life/lifestyle in a community. It is the drawn-ou t being and use of planetary resources to maintain the environment in good form without endangering the hereafter of coevalss to come. Sustainability arises in three chief countries such as environmental facets, socio economic facets and economic system. Sustainability in environment focal points on the Earth ‘s natural environment. This facet of sustainability is directed at the betterments on the environment for better or worse. It besides focuses on the usage of natural resources. Additionally it is combined with the other two factors societal and economic facets. Social development normally refers to betterments in both single wellbeing and the overall societal public assistance, that result from additions in societal capital – typically, the accretion of capacity for persons and groups of people to work together to accomplish shared aims. Sustainable development should or ought to continue and heighten all utile capital stocks which include natural capital. However the saving of capacities of an person obtained through instruction and shared perceptive and values and socially held cognition are likewise of import. Reducing exposure and keeping the wellness ( i.e. , resiliency, energy and organisation ) of societal a nd cultural systems, and their ability to defy dazes, is of import. Enhancing human capital ( through instruction ) and beef uping societal values, establishments and equity will better the resiliency of societal systems and administration. Many such harmful alterations occur easy, and their long-run effects are overlooked in socio-economic analysis. ( Munasinghe 2007 ) Economic sustainability seeks to maximise the flow of income that could be generated while at least keeping the stock of assets ( or capital ) which yields this income. Yokels 1946 argued that people ‘s maximal sustainable ingestion is the sum that they can devour without impoverishing themselves. Addressing these three factors to better economic system, societal and environmental issues can non be addressed individually. The ground for this is because solutions to one job may take to a farther job in another. For illustration making or developing low-cost lodging can be a good cause nevertheless if the lodging is built far from workplaces or conveyance links it becomes a job which may take to an addition in vehicle use, pollution and traffic. Therefore to make a sustainable community all these links need to be taken into history with one another. The Brundtland Commission officially known as the World Commission on Environment and Development ( WCED ) was created to do people cognizant of and turn to the job affecting the diminution of the human environment and natural resources. ( Wikipedia, 2009 ) The committee was set up by the United Nations to look at the environmental issue which was known as the Brundtland study. This study came up with the term ‘Sustainable Development ‘ which is defined as: ‘Sustainable development is the development that meets the demands of the present without compromising the ability of future coevalss to run into their ain demands ‘ . ( WCED, 1987 ) Presumably this statement suggests that concentrating on current coevals groups to utilize resources which wo n't forestall future coevalss from populating their ain lives. Sustainable development is besides a fixed end of authorization and the general populace. The belief signifies a affair needed to be addressed for the hereafter in footings of public assistance and chances for future development. However the affair of sustainable development seems far from solved, particularly in this economic crisis where one time the handiness of capital for regeneration and reclamation is now non readily gettable. Urban growing was one of the most powerful and permeant geographical procedures impacting the western universe in the center of the 20th century, each twelvemonth the figure of people and occupations in the metropoliss rose and the major metropolitan Centres consolidated and enhanced their portion of national population and economic activity. Growth farther occurred in areal footings as metropoliss expanded their suburbs into the environing countryside. Conversely, small towns and little towns had small locational entreaty both for residential intents and for industry, so that extended rural countries were characterised by stagnancy and diminution. Established metropoliss throughout the western universe are losing population and occupations as the balance of societal and economic chance has moved off from metropoliss and in favor of rural countries. There are many factors today that are indexs of impairment such as interior urban decay, offense, unemployment. These indexs are of societal economic, political and fiscal cloth of the metropolis to make a de-industrialised metropolis. The economic crisis of today will impact the sustainability program. However there might be positive results of this crisis directed to green companies as they can take the chance to utilize the media as a manner of demoing the public new schemes of going more ‘sustainable ‘ . This manner of thought could perchance ‘restore a grade of public assurance in a private sector that has seen its credibleness take a terrible banging in recent months. Therefore, foregrounding long-run environmental considerations is crucially of import. It may be said that this is merely showing merely a little grade of the economical crisis of how it affects sustainable factors, nevertheless John Whalley from The Centre for International Governance Innovation ( CIGI ) suggests that holding a balance between both Environmental aims and economic aims is of import during this fiscal crisis. Therefore looking at both facets of the fiscal crisis could perchance help today ‘s sustainable development in metropoliss under the economic lag. The economic recession easy slipped up at the beginning of the twelvemonth 2008 which has now turned into a drawn-out period. ( Coaffee 2009 ) states that the finance available for regeneration is likely to be significantly curtailed, at least from traditional beginnings, with many semi- completed regeneration strategies mothballed. Therefore Coaffee 2009 suggests besides that this twelvemonth capital for regeneration is likely to be restricted in usage particularly with traditional beginnings nevertheless big scale regeneration undertakings have non been put to a arrest but been slowed down possibly to happen thought through solutions to last the economic downswing. Although the CIGI believe that maintaining both elements of economic and fiscal aims in head is indispensable at this clip.Sustainable Rehabilitation and Urban RenewalSustainable rehabilitation focuses on the ‘treatment ‘ of towns or metropoliss which were extremely developed with industry how are no longer lasting. In add-on the demand to better economic growing is important to run into the demands of societal and environmental elements. In the issue of Urban Studies in 2006 provinces that it is hard to specify with lucidity what urban resurgence. ( Governa, 2009 ) The common component that links together the assorted significances is t hat the urban revival is defined against, in resistance to a period of diminution. For many old ages within Europe, metropoliss were identified as the topographic points typically confronting the greatest economic and societal jobs ( Turok and Mykhnenko, 2007 ) . Nevertheless metropoliss at the same time strive to accommodate economic growing, dynamism and creativeness with the ugly apparition of societal and spacial exclusion and increasing degrees of segregation and inequality. This statement suggests that metropoliss make every attempt to decide economic growing and activity with the unpleasant factor of societal segregation and favoritism but besides with the bar of infinite. Possibly it indicates that metropoliss are seeking to better the competition they have with each other but at the same clip they are seeking to run into the societal and environmental demands they face. In contrast Turok ‘s and Mykhnenko ‘s position now suggests that metropoliss are presently seen as ‘drivers of invention, creativeness and productiveness growing in advanced service- oriented economic sciences ‘ . ( Turok and Mykhnenko, 2008 ) Therefore Turok and Mykhnenko ‘s statement identify that invention and advanced communications are primary motivations of today ‘s metropoliss enabling people and to work together, making an active metropolis that drives creativeness, draws nomadic capital and ability, and signifiers enlargement from within. Additionally metropoliss are besides thought to incorporate the cultural verve, societal substructure, consumer comfortss and calling picks to assist parts and states attract the accomplishments and endowment required to bring forth and work cognition and thereby construct dynamic competitory advantage ( HM Treasury 2006, OECD 2006 ) . When new towns are developed or built, they are normally thoughtfully designed to be close or in propinquity of bing or neighboring metropoliss and towns. This so enables the periphery or boundary line of the new towns to unify with the bing towns and metropoliss. Additionally transport links set up connexions between the metropoliss or towns doing the land more popular to develop increasing the stretch of land. Urban decay seems to be a natural effect of the growing of a metropolis. Khakis statement straight concerns the decay of metropoliss to be a natural consequence. However there might be a figure of factors which cause metropoliss to disintegrate. Possibly facets such as forsaking of edifice, high rate of unemployment, offense, depopulation and many others can do this issue to distribute over a metropolis or town. Urban reclamation is a process which occurs by worsening constructions which are enhanced or bettered through a assortment of technique which range from constructing modernization to redevelopment and renovating. Through comprehensive and incorporate vision and action, urban reclamation purposes to decide urban jobs and convey about an digesting betterment in the economic, physical, societal and environmental conditions of a spoilt country which has been capable to alter. The reinforced environment is a merchandise of an incremental decision-making procedure. Rehabilitation, nevertheless, offers a cheaper, quicker and less socially upseting option to better the quality of constructing stock. From the environmental position, rehabilitation is a more sustainable attack to urban reclamation because rehabilitation generates less building and destruction waste compared with renovation. An illustration of a metropolis which has faced both diminution and reclamation is Glasgow. The metropolis suffered from the Post World War I recession and besides faced the ‘Great Depression ‘ . This was a period during the 1930 ‘s where the full universe suffered from terrible economic depression. Although the metropolis faced these issues it improved by the epidemic of World War II. Glasgow had a deficiency of investing and invention which of course led to these factors to turn overseas such as Japan. This resulted in Glasgow to come in a long period of economic diminution and ‘de-industrialisation ‘ . When something every bit terrible as this affects a metropolis it leads to high degrees of unemployment, urban decay and a major lessening in population. In Western Europe, where land is much less in supply and urban countries are by and large recognised as the drivers of the new information and service economic systems, urban regeneration has become an industry in itself, with 100s of bureaus and charities set up to undertake the issue. European metropoliss have the benefit of historical organic development forms already concurrent to the New Urbanist theoretical account, and although derelict, most metropoliss have attractive historical quarters and edifices ripe for renovation. In the suburban estates and metropoliss, the solution is frequently more drastic, with 1960s and 70s province lodging undertakings being wholly demolished and rebuilt in a more traditional European urban manner, with a mix of lodging types, sizes, monetary values, and term of offices, every bit good as a mix of other utilizations such as retail or commercial. One of the best illustrations of this is in Hulme, Manchester, which was cleared of 19th-century lod ging in the 1950s to do manner for a big estate of tower block flats. During the 1990s, it was cleared once more to do manner for new development built along new urbanist lines.Causes of DeclineMost surveies of urban alteration, decay or diminution dressed ore on the effects of urban transmutation instead than their implicit in causes. The terminal consequence is that most theories of urban alteration provide merely a partial penetration into what is a complex procedure. ( Roberts 2000 ) Robert indicates that urban alteration or diminution has merely been researched to a grade nevertheless it is a really complex subject country and process. He besides indentifies that the research done stresses ‘negative demographic and societal tendencies and the causal function of economic factors peculiarly industrial restructuring in chase of maximizing returns including deindustrialisation, globalization and economic concentration as forces for economic structural alteration and the jobs of accommodating to new demands of economic activities and factor restraints ( including handiness of land and edifices ) . ‘ The manner metropoliss and towns are involved economic structural alteration vary. The local economic system and economical construction of the town is normally governed by big concerns. Depending on how advanced or ‘new ‘ the merchandise of the concern is, invention plays an of import portion. This is because if the occupation type requires a high skilled individual to work, this usually leads to a lower local economic system as non everyone has the accomplishments needed for the occupation. Therefore the big graduated table industries are the concerns to confront the largest possibility of economic diminution which leads to de-industrialisation.Urban RegenerationUrban Regeneration is besides referred to as Urban Renewal transpires when the societal, economic and physical features of ignored countries have been improved and reconstructed utilizing a scheme which will be after to better an country. A typical regeneration development is usually lodging developments, dock s ide or waterside development undertakings. Urban Regeneration non merely focuses on the physical side on the country but besides embarks upon the societal and economic issues present every bit good. However Urban Regeneration undertakings require extended fiscal input from both public and private sectors. Lang 2005 believes that ‘Urban Regeneration implies an incorporate position on jobs, potencies, schemes and undertakings within the societal, environmental, cultural and economic domain. This statement shows that Lang assumes that these factors which are incorporated with Urban Regeneration are societal, environmental and economic factors. These factors are likewise driven by Sustainability every bit good. Furthermore Roberts 2000 defines Urban Regeneration as a ‘ comprehensive and incorporate vision and action which leads to the declaration of urban jobs and which seeks to convey about a permanent betterment in the economic, physical, societal and environmental status of an country that has been capable to alter ‘ . However the official definition of Regeneration from the Office of Deputy Prime Minister ( ODPM ) is: ‘the holistic procedure of change by reversaling economic sciences, societal and physical decay in countries where it has reached a phase when market forces entirely will non do ‘ . ( ODPM 2003 ) Therefore regeneration signifiers portion of one of the three countries of legal act. This is now where Urban Regeneration moves off from reclamation, development and revival. Robert 2000 believes that Urban Regeneration implies that all attacks should be constructed with a longer-term, more strategic intent in head ‘ . Therefore there should be a strategic docket to why the regeneration should take topographic point which are seen as cardinal characteristics. There is another definition described by Couch and Fraser 2003 who explain that ‘Urban Regeneration is concerned with in re-growth of economic activity where it has been lost ; the Restoration of societal map where there has been disfunction, or societal inclusion where there has been exclusion ; and the Restoration of environmental quality or ecological balance where it has been lost ‘ . This mentality would possibly work where there is vacant or creaky land in which new edifice could be built nevertheless Urban Regeneration is about using schemes in bing countries instead than making new towns and metropoliss. This could so accommodate the three factors of sustainability, a demand to societal, economic and environmental issues. Understanding the intent of Urban Regeneration in the UK, one needs to understand the policies which are set in the UK. ‘Regeneration is seen as a measure frontward from the commercial manner of the renovation policy in the 1980 ‘s, where the Conservative authorities has consciously imitated the American scheme of trusting on private market mechanisms instead than upon public intercession to revitalize its metropoliss and urban countries. ‘ ( Parkinson, Judd 1988 ) Roberts 2000 believes that ‘Urban Regeneration can be delivered as a comprehensive and incorporate vision and action which leads to the declaration of urban jobs and which seeks to convey about a permanent betterments in the economic, physical, societal and environmental status of an country that has been capable to alter ‘ . Therefore the three chief points that involve regeneration are the economic, societal and environmental province of an country. However the inquiry is what is economic, societal and environmental decay? Urban regeneration follows through and beyond the procedure of physical alteration, urban development and urban revival. Roberts 2000 believes that Urban Regeneration implies that ‘all attacks should be constructed with a longer term, more strategic intent in head ‘ significance that when planning or edifice methods to develop regeneration, it is of import to maintain in head a more tactical intent where the long term effects are positive. Neighborhood Renewal aims to better the quality of life for those life in the most deprived countries by undertaking, Poor occupation chances, High offense degrees, Educational under-achievement, hapless wellness and jobs with lodging and their local environment. ( Communities and Local Government UK ) The poorest of vicinities are faced with or more likely to endure with sick wellness, offense and even unemployment. Therefore Neighborhood reclamation is to gyrate out of the decay and convey back life into the community. It is about working from the grassroots to present economic prosperity and occupations, safer communities, good instruction, nice lodging, improved physical environment and better wellness, every bit good as furthering a sense of community among occupants. ‘ ( Communities and Local Government 2007 ) Poverty has become more concentrated in single vicinities and estates than earlier, and the societal exclusion of these vicinities has become more pronounced. ( Social Exclusion Unit 2000 ) Deprivation besides works against attempts to resuscitate metropoliss and protect the countryside from development. Poor services undermine religion in the political procedure. And there is an consequence on societal coherence as immature people and people from cultural minorities are both disproportionately likely to populate in disadvantaged vicinities ( people from cultural minorities are over-represented quadruple ) . ( Social Exclusion Unit 2000 ) .Therefore the attempts to resuscitate a metropolis or country can besides do want. Poor installations and aid can take to peoples trust in the political system weak and deteriorate. Neighbourhood reclamation is about linking communities together. Regeneration has become a tool applied to about all urban countries in the UK, speed uping in the past decennary in analogue to bust growing in the belongings market. ( Urban Regeneration in the UK ) The craze of edifice in the UK towns and metropoliss is non merely a merchandise of economic growing, but reflects broader demographic displacements with in the UK population. Peoples are populating longer than of all time before and at the other terminal of the age graduated table, people are waiting longer to hold kids, both of which mean a lessening in mean family size which, combined with turning population, means that the figure of families is progressively rapid. As a consequence, the figure of families in England entirely is predicted to lift from merely over 21 million in 2004 to about 26.5 million in 2029 with 70 % of that addition taking the signifier of one individual families. ( Communities and Local Government, 2007 )Culture- led regeneration and instance surveyCulture- led regeneration undertakings are involved with the societal public assistance and the reclamation of communities associating public art and cultural development. However since the 1980s, a figure of loca l governments have adopted some signifier of per centum for art strategy, whereby all new edifices incorporate a quota of graphics. Public graphics has impacted and attracted many visitants which have become portion of the tourer and heritage industry. Regeneration through art truly works, but we will necessitate to look at it in 20 old ages clip to judge it. ( Peter Jenkinson ) The true regeneration is the regeneration of local people ‘s Black Marias and heads. ( David March, and Peter Jenkinson, Director of New Art Gallery, Walsall ) This type of regeneration or activity might be the design and building ( or re-use ) of a edifices for public or concern usage ( e.g. Baltic and Sage Music Centre in Gateshead, Tate Modern and Peckham Library in Southwark ; the renewal of unfastened infinite ( e.g. Gateshead, Liverpool, etc ) Culture-led regeneration can be understood as the usage of cultural undertakings to revitalize economically down metropoliss and parts. ( Middleton and Freestone 2008 ) Culture-led regeneration has been used extensively around Europe ( Gomez 1998 ; Keating and De Frantz, 2004 ; Miles, 2005 ) Examples of Culture-led Regeneration in the UK consist of the Tate Modern and Renzo Piano ‘s ‘Shard of Glass ‘ on the London Docklands, the Millennium Galleries and Winter Garden in Sheffield and renovation of Salford Quays. There has been adequate grounds to demo that many cultural-led regeneration programmes have been unsuccessful. Glasgow is frequently mentioned as a premier illustration. Jenkins 2005 provinces that the metropolis used its position as European Capital of Culture 1990 to conceal its working category heritage and socialist history doing bitterness and ill will amongst many dwellers. Doucet ( 2007 ) besides suggests that cultural regeneration can meet jobs if it is non supported by occupants, peculiarly those with a strong sense of local individuality. One survey which was based around cultural-led Regeneration was taken on Newcastle Gateshead strategy. The councils of Newcastle worked together to advance cultural selling to take to put Newcastle Gateshead as a top European finish for leisure, concern and touristry to make a new individuality for Tyneside and the wider part. During this period of culture-led regeneration the facets of the night-time economic system which promote the societal ingestion of intoxicant have been marginalised. Indeed some local politicians have publically condemned Newcastle ‘s image as a ‘Party City ‘ saying jobs with wellness, offense and intoxicant related upset. Writing in the Newcastle Evening Chronicle in February 2008 ( p. 45 ) , Coun. John Shipley stated that: The image of Newcastle as holding an flushing economic system based on intoxicant ingestion should be a thing of the yesteryear†¦ it ‘s really of import we create a caf & A ; eacute ; -style civilization†¦ we are seeking to alter Newcastle ‘s image to one that is inclusive for everyone. The acceptance of such schemes in Newcastle and Gateshead can be seen as a clear effort to travel off from the part ‘s propertyless industrial image and make a new cosmopolite, international individuality rich in civilization, scientific discipline and engineering. Even the NewcastleGateshead ‘s failed command for European Capital of Culture 2008 has done small to decelerate the gait of alteration and degree of investing in cultural undertakings throughout the part. During the method of this instance analyze the attack taken to carry on consequences was a quantitative method. Fifty-two interviews were carried out with members from all four boroughs of Gateshead, Newcastle, North Tyneside and South Tyneside. The interviews remained informal but really structured focussing on the research subject. Their chief research inquiry was based around:The altering nature of the socio-economic landscape of Tyneside.The individuality of parts and how it has changed over the old agesand thirdly The sentiments on recent cultural and scientific developmentsRespondents clearly felt that culture-led regeneration developments had a narrow focal point on a professional middle-income, middle-class demographic, hence excepting a big proportion of lower-income people from the part. In this context they did non see culture-led regeneration as profiting them in any manner and that culture-led regeneration efficaciously existed for other people, a position similar to tha t proposed by Peter Eisinger ‘s ( 2000 ) in his survey of metropoliss in the US. Peoples may hold developments taking topographic point in their metropolis under culture-led regeneration strategies, but do non needfully experience that they benefit anything from this. Whilst Miles ( 2004 ) believes that Newcastle and Gateshead provides the environment for the cultural events and developments to sit merrily alongside the traditional dark clip economic system, this research suggests that this is non needfully the instance. Local dwellers with a strong sense of local individuality are going progressively disenfranchised with cultural developments and, as experienced in Glasgow, may good go more vocal in their unfavorable judgments. Miles, S. ( 2004 ) ‘NewcatleGateshead Quayside: Cultural investing and individualities of opposition ‘ , Capital & A ; Class, 81, pp.183-189.

Book review †cold blood Essay

Book review of Cold Blood by the author James Fleming The surname (he is Ian’s nephew) and terse title might lead one to expect something purely commercial and hard-boiled of James Fleming’s Cold Blood. But this sequel to White Blood, though in the thriller genre, is both more idiosyncratic and awkward than that. The tone is set on page one with the hero-narrator’s introductory self-description: â€Å"I, Charlie Doig†¦ six foot two, strong across the shoulders and through the loins. † Set during the Russian revolution and its bloody aftermath, this is as much tongue-in-cheek historical romp as page-turning cliffhanger. The novel’s opening finds Doig, an entomologist with a taste for derring-do, in western Burma, where he is glorying in his discovery of a new species of jewel beetle. We are briefly whisked back to his ancestral home in Russia – his ancestry is exotically cosmopolitan – for a whirlwind reprise of some of the principal elements of White Blood, notably the rape and torture (so hideous that Doig feels compelled to put her out of her misery with a bullet through the brain) of his beloved wife, Elizaveta, by the evil Bolshevik Prokhor Glebov. Cold Blood tells the story of Doig’s single-minded pursuit of Glebov across civil-warravaged Russia. First stop is St Petersburg, where, with his Mongolian sidekick, Kobi, he witnesses the Bolshevik seizure of power and discovers that Glebov has become one of the revolution’s leaders, up there with Lenin and Trotsky. With the struggle of Red v White spreading across the land, Doig is forced to step up a gear in his pursuit of vengeance, assembling a ragbag troop of henchmen and women and commandeering an armoured train. Thus equipped, Doig will take on not only Glebov, but the whole of the Red Army. If Doig is single-minded, his creator certainly isn’t, for he throws any number of other odds and sods into the narrative stew. There’s a cache of stolen tsarist gold that everyone wants to get their hands on. There’s a mysterious American who proves to be up to no good. There’s an erotic interest called Xenia who also proves to be up to no good. There are any number of colourful bit parts that flit into the narrative, command attention for a couple of pages and then flit out again. If writers can be divided into minimalists and maximalists, then Fleming is out there on the militant wing of the maximalists. Thrillers need variation of pace: moments when the grip is relaxed, the better to sock the reader with the unexpected. Fleming’s relentless energy and garrulous black humour – as Doig and his band of eccentric ne’er-do-wells career across the steppes to an explosive denouement – produce flashes of brilliance, but at the expense of tension. Cold Blood has an original and talented voice behind it, but in the end perhaps goes to show that the comedy thriller is one of the trickiest of literary hybrids to pull off. Cold Blood by the author James Fleming.

Maggie Obituary Essays - Maggie, Stephen Crane, Free Essays

Maggie Obituary Essays - Maggie, Stephen Crane, Free Essays Maggie Obituary Margaret Johnson, only daughter of Mary Murphy: found dead in the East River at age 23 Margaret Johnson, also called Maggie, was a successful seamstress and the only daughter of Mary Murphy died on November 19 in the East River where she was spotted floating atop the freezing cold water. The cause of death seems to be suicide due to a longing case of depression but there are still tests being done on the body. Because of the poverty Maggie was born into she did not have the chance to learn how to swim which leads to the thought of her getting hypothermia once she either jumped or got pushed in the river. Maggie was said to be a very intelligent young lady who was always very popular around the men. She was also said to be very dependent and that was clearly seen when she ran away from home and went straight to a guy friend of hers whose name will not be released. As soon as they realized their differences she quickly ran back home to her mother who then rejected her, claiming that she was the devil. Earlier in her short, prosperous life Maggie had to deal with the death of both her baby brother and her father, the one close family member that protected her in tough times that she often encountered. Margaret Johnson is survived by a brother Jimmie Johnson and her mother Mary Murphy. Bibliography www.maggie.com maggie: girl of the streets by stephen crane

Believes is a Verb

Believes is a Verb Believes is a Verb Believes is a Verb By Maeve Maddox Some bloggers, academics, and authors with books on Amazon seem to be confused about the verb believe and the noun belief. Here are just four examples: INCORRECT: Manobo Religious Believes and Practices- title of paper published at Academia.edu. CORRECT : Manobo Religious Beliefs and Practices INCORRECT: A recent study examines how religious and spiritual believes can impact our health in different ways.- Science World Report. CORRECT : A recent study examines how religious and spiritual beliefs can impact our health in different ways. INCORRECT: Awakening of Religious Believes of Islam- Facebook page title. CORRECT : Awakening of Religious Beliefs of Islam INCORRECT: Why do I mention believes, I really mean  religious believes, because more or less we have been forced to belief that a supernatural world doesnt exist, or it is a  world where only god’s reside.- Paul J. Linke, The Conspiracy Rhetoric of Mankind, Xlibris, 2012. CORRECT : Why do I mention beliefs, I really mean  religious beliefs, because more or less we have been forced to believe that a supernatural world doesnt exist, or it is a  world where only gods reside. Believe is a verb. Its principal parts are believe/believes, believed, (has) believed. Belief is a noun. Paul Brians (Common Errors in English Usage) sums up the difference nicely: People can’t have religious â€Å"believes†; they have religious beliefs. If you have it, it’s a belief; if you do it, you believe. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Format a UK Business LetterAnyone vs. Everyone"To Tide You Over"

The Robot-Reply and the Definition of Being Human Essay

The Robot-Reply and the Definition of Being Human - Essay Example In perception, movement, and through the imitation of human action, one might begin to believe they are seeing a sentience, but true sentience requires something more. Searle explores the idea through an examination of causality, that a being must be able to create causality for its choices through the framework of intention. In an examination of the concept of intention as it relates to the creation of sentience, the exploration of the idea of AI becomes as much a philosophical discussion as one of science. In order to discuss the concept of artificial intelligence, one must first discuss the idea of sentience. Sentience means that the thoughts of a being are directed by intention and not dictated through programmed parameters within which the thoughts have been constructed. Claudia Dreifus discussed the emergence of social robots in the M.I.T. God and Computers project with Anne Foerst, the theological advisor for the project. The need for a theological advisor comes from a need to create a discourse on the meaning of the human experience as it is being translated through a computer generated reflection of human behavior. In the case of the M.I.T. project, the idea of embodiment goes a long way in defining the ‘intrinsic value’ of the robot, the premise being that this means that the robot deserves the respect of its reflection of humanity because it has become embodied. In relationship to this embodiment, the robot, according to Foerst, will develop the right to the kind of respect afforded to humans when it can no longer be turned off. When a robot exists in a framework of independence and without the vulnerability of the switch, it becomes a being of intent. Through the socialization skills that are being applied in the project, the robots they have created have already begun to breach the veil between mechanics and life. Searle discusses the idea of creating a thinking robot by creating psychological explanations. These psychological explanat ions provide a testing environment through which psychological factors in humans can be tested. This type of A.I. requires cognitive capacities. Given the appropriate programs, a computer begins to have cognitive states. In the God and Computers project from M.I.T. the robots are given humanoid embodiment, their shape and existence in space relatable at a level that provides for social interaction. The question that one can ask in relationship to the cognitive states that computers have been given in order to create psychological frameworks is whether or not those programs gain ‘life’ status when given into the embodiment of a robotic shell. Defining the difference between the way in which the brain thinks and the robot processes is an attempt to define human life in contrast to the reactions of a machine that can formulate human like responses. In other words, it is the discussion of what is human and what is human-like. The interesting thing that can be noted is that audiences and readers of Shelley’s work rarely consider that the creation made by Dr. Frankenstein is significantly distinguishable from human life. The body of the creation is human as it is constructed from human parts, and while the brain is human it is

Global Trade and Distribution Strategy Coursework

Global Trade and Distribution Strategy - Coursework Example In some cases, imported goods are of low quality hence they have cheap prices which make people shun products that are locally manufactured. 2. The target market for the Achilles kids shoes mainly include the parents who have young kids. The kids themselves are dependent on their parents for all their clothing needs. The company ought to identify factors such as levels of income of the targeted group. In order to cut costs, distribution strategy that would work for this target market is that the company performs the distribution of the products itself. After the products have been manufactured, the company ought to identify the channels through which the products will be distributed. The products should be sold through company operated stores since this helps to attract many customers. More importantly, this helps to reduce costs since other suppliers may charge more money for performing the same task of distributing the finished

Gymnastics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Gymnastics - Essay Example Learning, however, is a complex process, the principles of which are not always obvious, thus the need for careful inspection. By examining these principles we will be in a better position to assess how they can be applied to physical education. Psychology is about theories as to what leads people to behave in particular ways in different situations. Learning and motivation are important aspects of human behavior and have been the subject of much research. From the perspective of motor skills, learning can be defined as a relatively permanent change in ability resulting from experience and training as a progression from simple to more complex, sophisticated movements Operant conditioning is a psychological technique for modifying behavior that is particularly relevant to how psychology can be helpful to the teaching of gymnastics. The technique is defined as a voluntary response that is strengthened or weakened according to immediately following consequences. Organisms therefore have a tendency to repeat those actions that are reinforced in particular ways that result in a change of behavior. Behaviorism, as this approach to learning is called, is based on those aspects of behavior that are overtly observable. Because behaviorist techniques rely on the observation of explicit actions, they are especially applicable to the teaching of gymnastics. There are various methods by which a behavior can be reinforced of which the most efficacious has proved to be positive (praise) rather than negative (punishment) feedback. Positive reinforcement are of two main kinds, extrinsic and intrinsic; verbal encouragement or privileges are common examples of the former, whereas the latter applies to self-motivated students who receive a sense of fulfilment at achieving success. As students requiring the most attention are those who tend to underachieve and are not always self-motivated, our concern will mainly be with extrinsic reinforces as these, when used in the right circumstances, have proved to be advantageous in a number of different ways. An essential aspect of achieving a positive outcome is the breaking down of complex tasks into simpler ones that can be translated into graded steps according to the ability of the student. In this regard, motor skills can be decomposed into a series of simple frames that help to pin-point strengths and weaknesses that can be translated into structured programmes for initiating improvement. Programmed learning of this type allows the trainee to progress at his/her own rate, and permits learning to be facilitated through positive reinforcement of the targeted behavior in that a correct response will be more likely than an incorrect one. Skills can therefore be programmed to advance through structured hierarchies of tasks that progress from the rudimentary to the complex through successive approximation. In a physical education setting, there are special circumstances to take account of when applying these principles. As individuals are inclined to possess a wide variety of abilities, it is essential that the

Product lifecycle management in aviation maintenance

Product lifecycle management in aviation maintenance A study on the article entitled Product Lifecycle Management in Aviation Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul. This paper analyses the journal based on inputs which is covered in the course Product Design and Development. Further, it explains briefly about Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) and the different phases of PLM over new product development process and also the benefits of PLM over Aviation Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul (MRO) industry. Product Data Management (PDM) application in PLM are also discussed in this paper. Summary of the article The journal has three phases of discussion, first phase is introduction, second phase is the about the activity of PLM and the final phase is about PLM benefits in aviation MRO industry. Phase 1: The competition among the world in new product development leads to data sharing among the enterprise and end users i.e. from ideas, design, manufacturing, customer/installation, service etc. to overcome this PLM is proposed to have proper integration of customer, process, management and data to have control throughout the life cycle period of the product. Nowadays most of the industries have adopted PLM in their design process to the maximum extent when compared to the other process in their product life time. Similarly in Aviation MRO industry, PLM has not yet adapted to the extreme end compare to the design process in the aviation industry. The PLM in aviation MRO industry can be more worthy as the total life period for an aircraft is approximately more over than 30 years. Phase 2: PLM has been divided in to two management phases as shown in figure 1. One is related to enterprise and other is related to product data (virtual enterprise). This article focus on the second phase which integrates computer aided design and manufacturing through PDM. Product Data Management (PDM) system is the division of PLM, which communicate and gather the data from the initial process of concept development to the end life of the product. PDM system organizes the computer aided design tools. PDM archives the customer feedback, engineering data and management data to incorporate the information between the enterprise, customer, service industry and other end user of the product throughout its life time. Second phase of PLM is further divided into four phases. First phase is concept development in which the ideas from customer are organized and designed. Second phase is design. This concentrates on describing, defining, developing the product design based on first phase and finally analyzing and simulation is carried out in design phase. The third phase is manufacturing and marketing where the production, sales and installation process are carried on to produce a new product. The final phase is servicing where maintain and support, removal or disposal i.e. customer support by means of MRO. Figure 1: Different Phases of PLM In general PLM reduce marketing time, improve the product quality in new product as well as in service, centralized product record, cost and waste reduction. Many industries have applied PLM as an initiative and are mostly used in design process. According to a survey detailed in the article, it shows that the usage of PLM and PDM in MRO are very inadequate when compared with design. Phase 3: The adoption of PLM is in very high percentage in automotive and aircraft industry due do life period and the impossibility in prototype; but in aviation service industry the percentage of PLM application implemented is deficient. PLM reduce the normal design and assemble period of aircraft in many aircraft industry. This result in higher percentage of reduction in manufacturing process, but the percentage of reduction in life cycle period is very less. In aviation industry the profit amount of the aircraft is calculated only based on the total life period. It can be obtained only by proper maintenance and repair. From the article it pronounces that over 17000 commercial aircrafts are active at present. The analysis of budget in aviation MRO industry from the year 2005 to 2010 shows a massive increase. This increase in expense is due to inventories in the aviation MRO industry. The profitability of the aviation industry depends on the life span of the aircraft. To have maximum profit in aircraft industry, they need safe operation, adequate maintenance for the parts. PLM in MRO will minimize the time of maintenance, cost and also increase the total life period of the aircraft. Maintenance is the process to achieve reliability, safety and overall performance of the product. There are two types: one scheduled maintenance in which the repair process is scheduled according to the time intervals and second one is unscheduled maintenance and it implies when there is sudden breakdown. Earlier the scheduled and unscheduled maintenance are known as preventive maintenance. In addition to this, maintenance is further classified into On or OFF aircraft maintenance. On maintenance represents repaired within the craft without cancelling the transit. Off maintenance represents the change of parts i.e. overhaul of parts. Here, the temporary part is replaced till the repair process is carried out in the part. The aim of PLM in aviation MRO industry is to have adequate reliability, safety, proper data from OEM for overhaul and this will result in cost reduction. To acquire product reliability and safety in aircraft, both the maintenance processes are to be carried. For proper maintenance the major thing in consideration is product and part manual from Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM). In order to minimize the difficulty of MRO the OEM has to provide the sufficient datas like methods of detailed data of the part, maintenance process, fault identification method, tools required to overhaul and also 3D modeling drawing view of the part. These are accomplished by the PDM which make use computer for safe data transfer from OEM to MRO and also by feedback from customer to OEM and MRO industry. Case studies on different methods of how maintenance, repair and overhaul are carried out in different aviation MRO industry located in Singapore. They described the percentage of inaccuracy in their method of repair. They point out the repair work flow procedure and the different methods of process they carried on for the repair of aviation part. The reason for this inadequate quality of repair is analyzed below in this paper. Journal relation with Product Design and Development The journal related to one of the main area Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) which was covered under the lecture PLM and Product Planning. In addition to PLM Product Data Management (PDM) are also discussed in this article which is a part of PLM. The information from the lecture about the tools PLM and PDM, gave the input how to develop a new product with an efficient lifecycle time i.e. from the process of concept creation to end life of the product or till recycling of the product and also effective data management system. These concepts are related to the service industry which is at the end phase of lifecycle of a product. This helps to identify the benefits and characteristic of PLM in aviation MRO industry. Journal Analysis The impact of Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) in aviation maintenance repair and overhaul (MRO) industry is analyzed in this article. They address the PLM benefits and necessity in MRO industry for effective and accurate quality in repair process. They also analyze the different maintenance process carried on in the aviation industry. Figure 2: Current Scenario Of Data Flow Without Adoption PLM in aviaton MRO industry. In this article they analyzed how they repaired the high pressure blade and outer cover panel. Also it describes the demerits in their method without PLM. It shows the data flow from the OEM to MRO industry is inadequate as shown in the figure 2. Thus it leads to improper Maintenance, repair and overhaul of the part in aircraft. Product Data Management (PDM) system should be applied with PLM for proper flow of information between the OEM to customer, customer to MRO and also MRO to OEM and vice versa. Such feedback from customer end will improve the process in MRO in addition to design of aircraft. Thus the figure 3 represents the flow of data between various processes in aviation industry. It shows the characteristic and benefits on adoption of PLM in service industry. In addition to service process PLM has to be implemented in management activities like Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) and supply chain management (SCM) in aviation industry to increase the total lifecycle time of the new product. Figure 3: Implementaion of PLM with Product Data Management (PDM) in aviaton Industry. The case study done on the aviation MRO industry in Singapore represents the work flow of the repair process carried out on different parts of aircraft. In this, the original part definition data was measured and calculated by coordinate measurement system with the help of a reverse engineer. The measured data was not too accurate when compared to OEM data. This improper method is mainly because of insufficient product data information. This method will lead to poor reliability and safety, life period of the product is thus reduced and also overall life span of the aircraft deteriorates. Further, it leads to poor customer satisfaction and very less profitability to the aviation industry. The influencing factors that affect the MRO industry are insufficient data sharing between the OEM and MRO. To rectify the problem in aviation MRO industry, it is required to adopt PLM system incorporated with PDM. The author suggests adopting the PLM process in MRO industry as the process implemented in design process shows remarkable result in that sector. In addition to design and service, PLM can also be implemented on various processes in the aviation industry which will clearly show a valuable increase in the reliability and safety of the aircraft. It also increases the overall profitability of the product. In addition to this, PLM provides consistent and precise feedback between the OEM, MRO and customers and also between the partners in the enterprise resulting in optimization of the inventory and further improves the efficiency of maintenance by reducing the non-value added tasks. Conclusion PLM activities in the aviation industry have to be analyzed more precisely and research must be carried in various process of aircraft and MRO industry to increase the industries profit and service. In addition to PDM, Collaborative Product Development (CFD), Concurrent Engineering (CE) tools can also be used in future to increase the total life span of the aircraft and MRO industry.